Most liability claims in medicine today stem from issues like diagnostic errors, communication gaps, and missed follow-up care.
Understanding the real cause of medical malpractice helps doctors and other healthcare providers spot risks early, protect their patients, and reduce exposure to medical malpractice claims.
In most cases, these lawsuits fall under civil liability, meaning physicians and healthcare organizations can be held financially responsible for harm caused by negligent care, even if there was no intent to cause injury. The standard of care is based on accepted norms within the medical community, and deviation from these accepted norms can result in liability.
In the sections below, we’ll break down the main types of medical malpractice, from surgical and medication errors to documentation and consent issues, and what they can teach us about preventing future claims.
Diagnostic errors are one of the most common medical mistakes for malpractice claims, and often among the most costly, especially for primary care and internal medicine physicians. A missed or delayed diagnosis can lead to serious harm when a treatable medical condition progresses. In many malpractice cases, it’s not that a doctor didn’t care, but they failed to connect key symptoms, order the right test, or follow up on abnormal results in time.
Research highlights how widespread these cases are: studies estimate that about 12 million adults in the United States experience a diagnostic error each year, and nearly half of those events lead to harm. Many experts note that almost every patient will face at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime.
Diagnostic errors generally fall into three main categories:
Expert medical witness testimony often plays a central role in determining whether the diagnostic process met accepted standards of care.
Knowing where diagnostic errors tend to happen, like missed results or breakdowns in communication, helps doctors fine-tune their systems and prevent the same mistakes from repeating. To prove medical malpractice in diagnostic error cases, plaintiffs must show that the provider’s actions fell below the accepted standard of care, often with the help of expert testimony. For more on how these cases are evaluated, see our guide to the medical negligence claim process.
A missed diagnosis can evolve into a viable claim for malpractice when the oversight directly causes patient injury or worsens a medical condition that a competent provider would have identified under similar circumstances. This often includes serious cases like a cancer misdiagnosis, where delayed detection allows the disease to progress beyond treatable stages.
The key factor is whether the standard of care was met and whether the doctor acted as a reasonably skilled and careful healthcare professional in the same specialty would have in the same situation. When that standard isn’t met and harm results, it can lead to a medical malpractice claim.
Preventing diagnostic-related claims starts with reliable processes: track test results, explain your decision-making, and document patient communication. When there’s uncertainty, bring in another set of eyes. Showing that you acted reasonably and followed through is what protects physicians most when a malpractice case is reviewed.
Surgical errors are among the most visible and preventable causes of medical malpractice cases, particularly for surgeons and procedural specialists. These claims often involve serious patient injuries that occur during a procedure in the operating room, running the gamut from a wrong-site incision to a nicked blood vessel to performing the wrong surgical procedure altogether.
National data analyses reflect this trend: roughly one in four paid malpractice claims (26.9%) involve surgical procedures, second only to diagnosis-related claims.
While most surgeries proceed safely, even a single misstep in communication, preparation, or documentation can lead to long-term complications and costly litigation. Surgical teams have specific medical duties to perform each step of the procedure safely, and failure to competently perform these duties can result in harm to the patient. In medical malpractice cases, liability depends on whether the healthcare provider's actions met the expected standard.
Common surgical errors include:
Hospitals and surgery centers now emphasize checklists and time-outs to reduce these risks, but even experienced teams can make mistakes under pressure. Not every poor outcome is an error; what matters is whether the team met the standard of care.
A poor outcome alone doesn’t automatically mean malpractice. What matters is whether the surgical team made sound decisions and followed the right steps based on the information they had at the time. When the thought process and communication are clear in the record, a complication is usually recognized as an expected surgical risk and not an avoidable mistake.
Practices like verbally confirming the correct patient, procedure, and surgical site, and consistently counting instruments and sponges before closing, help reduce avoidable risk in the operating room. These steps, required by The Joint Commission’s Universal Protocol, create a record that the team took reasonable precautions, which is important if a complication later becomes a legal question.
Many medical malpractice claims arise from everyday clinical care and not dramatic events. Most doctors strive to provide appropriate care, but even experienced clinicians can make management errors. That includes decisions about treatment, medication adjustments, and how closely a patient is followed over time.
When care doesn’t align with accepted practice, or when follow-up is inconsistent, preventable harm can occur. In those situations, a medical professional may be accused of not meeting their duty to protect a patient’s health. Some cases become extremely complicated when multiple factors contribute to a poor outcome. Examples of treatment and management errors include:
Clear communication with patients, timely follow-up, and documentation that explains why decisions were made are key to reducing risk.
A treatment plan becomes risky when symptoms change, but the plan doesn’t. Claims often arise when a patient continues to deteriorate and there is no documented reassessment, escalation to a specialist, or repeat testing. It’s less about the initial choice and more about whether the clinician monitored progress and adjusted care when needed.
When a condition changes over time, it helps to note how the patient was doing, how they responded to treatment, and when you planned to check in again. It’s also useful to record what you told the patient to watch for and when to come back. That way, if questions arise later, the record shows that care stayed active and responsive, even if the outcome wasn’t what anyone hoped for.
Medication errors can happen at any point: when a drug is prescribed, filled, or given to a patient. Even small slips, like choosing the wrong dose, missing a drug interaction, or overlooking an allergy, can quickly lead to preventable harm and liability. Medication errors pose a significant risk to patient safety, as they can result in serious health consequences.
These errors occur across all care settings, from hospitals and outpatient clinics to long-term care and pharmacies, making consistent safety checks essential. Such errors can also strain the healthcare system by increasing costs and resource use, as additional treatments and administrative efforts are often required to address the consequences.
Common medication-related errors include:
In national data on paid malpractice claims, about one-quarter involved medication or treatment-related allegations (24.5%), underscoring how everyday management decisions can drive risk.
If a preventable error causes harm, the focus quickly shifts to whether basic safety checks were followed. Checking allergies, reviewing the medication list, confirming the dose and route, and documenting the reason for the prescription all help show that decisions were thoughtful and consistent with good medical practice.
Modern systems, like electronic prescribing, barcode scanning, and pharmacist double-checks, are helping reduce medication mistakes. For example, studies show barcode medication administration (BCMA) systems can cut errors by up to 60% when properly used.
Still, gaps in communication and incomplete records continue to fuel medication-related malpractice risk.
Medication mistakes become the basis of a malpractice claim when they cause injury and the clinician failed to take reasonable steps to prevent the error, such as confirming allergies, checking drug interactions, or reviewing the chart before ordering or dispensing medication. A clear trail of checks and communication shows you were thoughtful and careful, even if a patient has a bad reaction. It helps make it clear that the care was reasonable, not careless.
Most medication-related claims come from the prescribing or administration stage, like ordering the wrong dose, not checking for allergies, or giving a drug at the wrong time. Pharmacy mix-ups happen too, but in every case the key question is whether routine safety steps were followed.
Electronic prescribing systems that flag unsafe drug combinations, barcode checks that make sure the right patient gets the right medication, and pharmacist review before high-risk drugs are dispensed all help catch errors early. Just as important, clear communication between doctors, nurses, and patients ensures everyone is working from the same information before medication is given.
Anesthesia errors are less common than many other malpractice issues, but they’re high-stakes for anesthesiologists because complications can develop quickly if something goes wrong. Even though serious anesthesia complications are rare, often cited at around 1 in 100K cases, mistakes most often involve trouble securing the airway, giving too much or too little anesthesia, or missing warning signs because the patient’s vital signs weren’t monitored closely enough while the patient was sedated.
Common anesthesia-related mistakes include:
Because anesthesia directly affects breathing, heart function, and consciousness, any lapse in monitoring or delayed reaction can lead to severe harm. When the standard of care isn’t followed, such as not tracking vitals or not responding to warning signs, courts are more likely to view the event as negligence rather than an unavoidable complication.
Thorough pre-anesthesia screening helps identify risk factors like allergies, airway challenges, medication interactions, and heart or lung conditions. Documenting this review and planning around it shows the anesthesia provider met their professional duty to protect the patient, which can be critical if a malpractice claim arises.
Childbirth is one of the most sensitive areas for medical malpractice and one of the most common for OB-GYNs and labor-and-delivery teams. This is because the stakes are obviously high for both mother and baby. Birth injuries are specific injuries that occur during childbirth, often resulting in serious consequences for the newborn or mother. If something goes wrong during labor, it can lead to serious complications like oxygen loss, brain injury, or lifelong disability for the baby, and major health risks for the mother. If something went wrong because of medical negligence then potential liability can be considerable.
Most birth injury lawsuits occur because warning signs are missed or not acted on quickly enough during labor. For example, if a baby shows distress and no urgent steps, such as a C-section, are taken. In the United States, labor and delivery teams face approximately 67 claims submitted per 100K deliveries, highlighting how frequently these events drive legal action.
Common obstetric malpractice claims include:
Childbirth injuries are among the most common grounds for filing malpractice lawsuits, especially when negligent prenatal, labor, or delivery care leads to preventable harm.
Families often pursue birth-injury claims when they believe faster action or clearer communication could have prevented harm. Because these cases can involve lifelong medical needs, clear documentation and timely decision-making are essential for defending care. In cases of wrongful death resulting from birth-related negligence, families may pursue a wrongful death lawsuit to hold healthcare providers accountable. Affected families often seek compensation to cover medical expenses and long-term care. Legal action can help families recover compensation for damages resulting from birth injuries or wrongful death.
Even though labor can be unpredictable, what courts look at is whether the medical team followed standard safety steps, monitored the situation closely, and responded quickly to emergencies.
Most involve delayed C-section decisions, failure to respond to fetal distress, or mistakes during delivery, especially with forceps, vacuum extraction, or shoulder dystocia. These cases focus on whether action should have been taken sooner to protect the baby or mother.
Can birth injury cases be prevented with better team communication?
In some situations, yes. Smooth handoffs, clear updates on fetal monitoring, and fast agreement on emergency steps, like moving to a C-section when needed, can prevent mistakes. When delivery teams communicate clearly and have a process for speaking up quickly about concerns, they typically see fewer avoidable outcomes in childbirth.
Clear communication is one of the simplest ways healthcare professionals protect patient safety, yet breakdowns still cause medical negligence claims. When key information isn’t passed along between healthcare providers or clearly explained to patients, important details can slip through the cracks. That can mean missed follow-up, delayed treatment, or patients not knowing when to seek help, increasing the risk of harm, and therefore, legal exposure.
These problems happen everywhere from hospital units to a doctor’s office. Missed test results, unclear discharge instructions, and poor handoffs between doctors are common issues that later show up in malpractice claims.
Examples of communication-related errors include:
Even if the care itself was appropriate, communication gaps can create the impression that warning signs were missed. That alone can turn a disappointing outcome into a malpractice claim.
Research shows communication failures contribute to a significant number of malpractice claims. Many of these cases trace back to missed handoffs, unclear follow-up plans, or patients leaving without fully understanding their instructions. When someone is harmed because details weren’t shared or clarified, it raises questions about whether the care team stayed coordinated and whether the patient had the information they needed to stay safe.
Simple habits go a long way:
Tools like SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) can also help standardize communication during shift changes or consults.
It's essential to ensure that test results are reviewed and acted on, but in real-world practice, this step is sometimes missed. Sometimes, a healthcare provider fails to review a result, a missed notification gets buried in the system, or no one tracks whether the patient ever received the message. In other cases, both sides assume the other is handling follow-up. The patient waits, the clinician expects a call back, and the result slips through.
Follow-up care can stall when test results aren’t reviewed, shared, or acted on. That can result in a delayed diagnosis and, in some cases, serious patient injury. These situations can lead to malpractice claims because results are expected to be seen, communicated, and followed up on. When a reasonable provider in similar circumstances would have acted on an abnormal result, missed tracking can be seen as falling below the standard of care.
Common issues include:
In these cases, the core problem is usually the lack of a clear results-tracking process.
Typically, the ordering clinician holds responsibility, even when multiple team members are involved. The safest approach is to clearly assign who will review results, contact the patient, manage next steps, and document the plan. Simply telling a patient, “We’ll call if anything is wrong,” isn’t enough. Setting expectations and confirming communication protects both the patient and the care team.
Electronic health record (EHR) alerts and tracking tools can flag abnormal test results and overdue follow-up, but only if they are used consistently and part of a well-designed process. Without strong tracking and close-out workflows, missed notifications and missed tracking remain common risks.
Informed consent means making sure the patient truly understands their options and any risks associated with them. When a patient doesn’t fully understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives before medical care, it can lead to confusion, loss of trust, and, in some cases, medical malpractice suits. These claims often center on whether the clinician met their professional duty to communicate in a way a reasonable person would understand.
A patient may still pursue legal action even when the care itself was appropriate if they feel they weren’t clearly told what to expect or didn’t fully agree to the procedure that was done. Courts look closely at documentation and whether the patient was given a fair chance to ask questions and weigh their options before proceeding.
Common informed consent issues include:
When consent isn’t handled properly, it can appear that the patient’s rights and autonomy weren’t taken seriously. In those situations, even appropriate medical care can be viewed as negligence because the patient wasn’t given a real opportunity to understand and agree to the plan.
Consent is considered inadequate when a patient isn’t given the information they need to fully understand their options and decide for themselves. Examples include:
If any reasonable patient would have needed that information to feel comfortable moving forward, leaving it out can be seen as grounds for a claim.
Walking patients through the risks, benefits, and alternatives in plain terms builds trust, helps patients feel respected, and reduces misunderstandings. To protect patients and reduce the risk of medical malpractice suits, providers can:
Clear documentation shows that steps were taken to help the patient understand their options and decide. It also demonstrates that the provider fulfilled their professional duty, which is essential if care is later questioned in a medical malpractice claim.
Accurate medical records make it much easier to defend care in a malpractice claim. But when notes are incomplete, unclear, or edited without clear notation, it can create doubt about what happened and when, even if the care itself was appropriate.
When a malpractice claim is filed, the medical records are one of the first things attorneys review. During the discovery process, they go through documentation line by line, looking for clarity and consistency. Attorneys often work with expert witnesses to interpret documentation and provide expert witness testimony during litigation, as these experts help establish whether the standard of care was met and clarify complex medical details for the court.
Research also shows how common these issues are. One national analysis found that about 20% of medical malpractice cases involved at least one documentation failure. If records are incomplete, confusing, or hard to follow, it can raise questions early in the case. Even small issues, like missing timestamps or unclear edits, can weaken confidence in the chart and make it easier for a plaintiff to argue a documentation failure contributed to the medical error.
Common documentation gaps include:
Good records are clear. A brief explanation of what you saw, what you decided, and what you planned to do next helps show thoughtful care. It also demonstrates that actions matched what a reasonable provider would do in similar circumstances.
Read our exhaustive guide to charting by exception here.
Because the chart becomes the voice of the clinician. If the medical records don’t show what happened, a court may assume it didn’t happen. Jurors and judges rely heavily on documentation to understand the timeline of care, the patient’s condition, and whether follow-up and communication were handled properly. Solid notes help show the care was organized and safe.
EHRs add transparency and structure to the medical record. They automatically timestamp entries, track corrections, and show who reviewed what information and when. That audit trail can be helpful in a malpractice claim because it demonstrates real-time decision-making and communication. When used consistently, EHRs reduce the risk of documentation failures and provide clear evidence if questions come up during legal proceedings.
Read everything you need to know about charting with a jury in mind in our definitive guide.
Catching changes in a patient’s health early is a key part of safe care. When symptoms worsen and no one recognizes it or responds in time, patient harm can follow, and that can lead to a liability claim. A national review found that issues with monitoring or picking up early changes showed up in almost half of malpractice cases reviewed.
These cases often come down to how quickly a change in the patient’s health was recognized and addressed. If the record shows a monitoring failure, like delayed detection of worsening vitals, and no one acted, a healthcare provider may still be held liable in a medical negligence lawsuit. This is true even if the original treatment was appropriate. Courts look at whether a reasonable response could have prevented harm and reduced the risk of liability claims.
Common issues include:
Good monitoring means acting promptly when vital signs shift, documenting concerns, communicating changes, and reassessing when symptoms evolve. These steps help show that care remained active and attentive.
When changes in a patient’s health aren’t recognized or acted on quickly, conditions can progress faster than expected. Delays in responding can mean missed opportunities to stabilize the patient, order urgent tests, or bring in additional support. These lapses can turn a manageable complication into a serious, avoidable decline in the patient’s health.
Tools like continuous pulse oximetry and cardiac monitoring, early-warning score systems, and EHR alerts for abnormal trends can help pick up on changes sooner. When used consistently, these systems reduce the risk that subtle warning signs may get overlooked. They also provide documentation showing the care team monitored the patient and responded to changes. This is valuable if questions arise later.
When medical equipment doesn’t work properly, whether from device malfunction, incorrect settings, or delayed response to an alarm, patients can be harmed. In these situations, the question becomes whether the device failed on its own or the healthcare provider didn’t set it up, monitor it, or respond appropriately.
Depending on the facts, both the healthcare provider and the manufacturer may face liability, including product liability claims. A provider may be held liable if another reasonable clinician would have caught the issue sooner or switched to a backup device to protect the patient.
Common device-related problems include:
If a device fails or malfunctions, document what happened, how the team responded, and whether the equipment was removed, checked, or replaced. That record shows safety steps were taken and helps clarify whether the issue reflects provider negligence or a possible product liability concern with the manufacturer or supplier.
Pause use, switch to a backup if needed, notify the team, and document what happened and the steps taken. Showing a prompt, reasonable response protects patient safety and helps defend care if a medical malpractice lawsuit arises.
Document when the device was used, any alarms or unusual behavior, how staff responded, and whether the device was taken out of service or inspected by the appropriate technical team. This record helps show appropriate medical judgment and can help identify whether the issue relates to provider actions or the manufacturer.
IV therapy and blood transfusions are routine in hospitals, but when something goes wrong, the consequences can be serious. If an IV isn’t placed or monitored properly, or if sterile supplies aren’t used or the infusion rate is off, patients can develop infection, tissue injury, or miss timely treatment because medications don’t reach the bloodstream. The majority of doctors follow strict protocols, but even small lapses can lead to serious complications.
With blood products, the risks are different: giving the wrong type, skipping verification steps, or storing units incorrectly can cause severe transfusion reactions and other acute complications.
Studies estimate the risk of giving the wrong blood product is about 1 in 10,000 units, and about 70% of these errors happen during bedside checks. Small steps like confirming patient identity and blood type at the bedside make a real difference in preventing serious transfusion reactions.
In these situations, questions in a medical malpractice case often focus on whether the healthcare provider followed safety steps, monitored the infusion, and acted quickly when something seemed off. Even a small oversight can be viewed as negligence if a reasonable clinician would have recognized and addressed the issue sooner.
Common problems include:
Clear monitoring and documentation help show that care was attentive. Noting IV site checks, infusion rates, patient reports of pain, and steps taken when concerns arise can help defend against negligence claims if a patient injury occurs.
Events involving infiltration, extravasation, infection, incorrect blood product administration, and failure to respond to patient complaints are a growing concern in malpractice claims. These situations raise questions about whether the infusion was monitored appropriately and whether action was taken when complications appeared.
Using barcode checks for blood products, maintaining clean technique, documenting IV site checks, and responding quickly when a patient reports discomfort or swelling all help prevent avoidable harm. Standardized infusion protocols help ensure consistent practice across teams and give healthcare providers a strong defense if questions arise later.
When a patient shares suicidal thoughts, refuses medication, or becomes unstable due to a mental health condition, courts look closely at how healthcare professionals assessed risk, documented decisions, and ensured patient safety. These concerns often arise for psychiatrists and behavioral health providers, where small gaps in communication or monitoring can have serious outcomes.
Behavioral health malpractice claims often involve:
These issues don’t only arise in psychiatric units. Primary-care and emergency clinicians can also face mental health negligence claims when concerning behavior is minimized or a patient isn’t reassessed after expressing safety concerns.
Suicide-related cases make up a significant portion of behavioral health malpractice claims. The Joint Commission lists suicide among the top sentinel events in hospitals, often tied to missed screening or gaps in observation. Using validated suicide-risk tools and documenting follow-up steps helps catch safety issues early and provides clear support for clinical decisions.
Clear protocols protect patients and reduce malpractice claims:
When reasonable precautions are visible in the record, it becomes much easier to defend against negligence allegations if an injury occurs. In many cases, families are motivated by pursuing justice for loved ones affected by behavioral health negligence.
Mental health care becomes a potential medical malpractice claim when a provider ignores or downplays clear safety risks, fails to assess suicidal or violent intent, or does not take reasonable steps to protect the patient after warning signs appear. Courts ask whether a reasonable doctor would have escalated care, ensured supervision, or arranged urgent evaluation. If those steps are missed and the patient suffers harm, negligence allegations often follow.
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Use structured risk assessments, involve psychiatric specialists early, and document clinical reasoning and safety steps. Confirm the patient understands crisis instructions, provide emergency contacts, and record follow-up plans. These actions support patient safety and help demonstrate that care met accepted standards if a malpractice claim arises.
Sometimes the safest thing a doctor can do for a patient is to bring in another set of eyes. When symptoms fall outside a doctor’s usual scope of treatment and there’s a failure to refer the patient or request a timely consult, the delay can lead to preventable patient harm. In court, the question becomes whether another doctor in the same situation would have called in a specialist sooner.
It often starts quietly: a complex case stalls, a specialist is mentioned but not formally consulted, or a referral sits in the chart without follow-through. When that happens, care can drift off course, and the patient may face complications that could have been avoided with timely specialty input.
Referrals can slip through the cracks fast. A quick note about why you made the consult, when you placed it, and what the patient knows about the plan keeps care on track, and shows you didn’t wait too long if anyone later reviews the chart.
Missed referrals become liability issues when there’s a clear need for specialty input and nothing moves forward: no consultation, no plan, no follow-up. Most cases come from a pattern: symptoms change, evaluation stalls, and care doesn’t escalate while the patient declines. When the record shows uncertainty without action, it raises questions about whether the patient was kept safe. Harvard’s malpractice insurer, CRICO, found that referral-management breakdowns were present in 11% of outpatient missed-or-delayed diagnosis claims.
Reliable referral processes protect patients and reduce malpractice risk. Helpful practices include:
Having clear systems, and documenting each step, helps ensure the referral actually happens and provides support for clinical judgment if care is questioned later.
Sending a patient home too early, or without a clear plan, can turn into preventable harm and a malpractice lawsuit. Sometimes a patient feels better in the moment, but labs are still pending, vitals aren’t stable at discharge, or no follow-up has been arranged. If symptoms worsen after discharge and another reasonable doctor would have waited or given clearer instructions, the decision can be viewed as negligence.
In cases where discharge decisions ignore clear medical instability or urgent test results, courts may view the action as gross negligence, since it shows a conscious disregard for known risks to the patient’s safety.
Courts look for signs that the clinician checked stability, explained warning symptoms, and ensured a follow-up plan. A brief note confirming the patient was stable, understood what to watch for, and knew how to get help if symptoms returned goes a long way in showing that the discharge wasn’t rushed, but thoughtfully managed.
Patients who experience harm after early discharge may benefit from consulting a medical malpractice lawyer to evaluate their case and understand their legal options.
Discharge-related malpractice cases often start the same way: a patient leaves, gets worse, and ends up right back for care. This sometimes happens with a complication that could have been avoided. Problems arise when someone goes home before they're truly ready, doesn’t get clear instructions, or isn’t told what to do if symptoms return.
A strong discharge record shows that care didn’t stop at the door. Helpful details include:
These steps clarify that the doctor acted reasonably, communicated risks, and provided a safe plan. These are key elements when defending against malpractice claims tied to premature discharge or inadequate disposition.
Most medical malpractice claims result from small gaps in communication, follow-up, documentation, or escalation that leads to patient harm. The good news is that the same habits that protect patients also reduce liability risk.
Simple, consistent practices go a long way:
Following a clear, reasonable standard of care and showing your work in the medical record helps prevent legal claims and strengthens your defense if one arises.
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